CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE ——附加英文版
Hong Kong
CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES ORDINANCE
(CHAPTER 71)
CONTENTS
ion
I PRELIMINARY
hort title
nterpretation and application
he "reasonableness" test
Dealing as consumer"
arieties of exemption clause
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
iability arising in contract
nreasonable indemnity clauses Liability arising from sale or
supply of
s
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
Seller's liability
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass Other provisions
about
racts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Evasion by means of secondary contract
Arbitration agreements
III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
Choice of law clauses
Saving for other relevant legislation
Application
IV CONSEQUENTIAL AND OTHER AMENDMENTS
(Omitted)
dule 1. Scope of sections 7, 8, 9 and 12
dule 2. "Guidelines" for application of reasonableness test
dule 3. (Omitted)
Whole document
imit the extent to which civil liability for breach of contract,
or
negligence or other breach of duty, can be avoided by
means of
ract terms and otherwise; and to restrict the
enforceability of
tration agreements. [1 December 1990] L. N. 38 of 1990
PART I PRELIMINARY
hort title
Ordinance may be cited as the Control of Exemption Clauses
Ordinance.
nterpretation and application
In this Ordinance--
iness" includes a profession and the activities of a public
body, a
ic authority, or a board, commission, committee or
other body
inted by the Governor or Government;
ds" has the same meaning as in the Sale of Goods Ordinance (Cap.
26);
ligence" means the breach--
of any obligation, arising from the express or implied terms
of a
ract, to take reasonable care or exercise reasonable skill
in the
ormance of the contract;
of any common law duty to take reasonable care or exercise
reasonable
l (but not any stricter duty);
of the common duty of care imposed by the Occupiers
Liability
nance (Cap. 314); "notice" includes an announcement, whether or
not in
hing, and any other communication or pretended communication;
sonal injury" includes any disease and any impairment of
physical or
al condition.
In the case of both contract and tort, sections 7 to 12 apply
(except
e the contrary is stated in section 11 (4)) only to
business
ility, that is liability for breach of obligations or duties
arising--
from things done or omitted to be done by a person in the course
of a
ness (whether his own business or another's); or
from the occupation of premises used for business purposes
of the
pier, and references to liability are to be read
accordingly; but
ility of an occupier of premises for breach of an obligation or
duty
rds a person obtaining access to the premises for
recreational or
ational purposes, being liability for loss or damage
suffered by
on of the dangerous state of the premises, is not a business
liability
he occupier unless granting that person such access for the
purposes
erned falls within the business purposes of the occupier.
In relation to any breach of duty or obligation, it is
immaterial
her the breach was inadvertent or intentional, or whether
liability
it arises directly or vicariously.
1977 c. 50 ss. 1&14 U. K.]
he "reasonableness" test
In relation to a contract term, the requirement of reasonableness
for
purposes of this Ordinance and section 4 of the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284) is satisfied only if the court or
arbitrator
rmines that the term was a fair and reasonable one to be
included
ng regard to the circumstances which were, or ought reasonably
to have
, known to or in the contemplation of the parties when the
contract
made.
In determining for the purposes of section 11 or 12 whether a
contract
satisfies the requirement of reasonableness, the court or
arbitrator
l have regard in particular to the matters specified in
Schedule 2;
this subsection does not prevent the court or arbitrator from
holding,
ccordance with any rule of law, that a term which purports to
exclude
estrict any relevant liability is not a term of the contract.
In relation to a notice (not being a notice having
contractual
ct), the requirement of reasonableness under this
Ordinance is
sfied only if the court or arbitrator determines that it would
be fair
reasonable to allow reliance on it, having regard to
all the
umstances obtaining when the liability arose or (but for the
notice)
d have arisen.
In determining (under this Ordinance or the
Misrepresentation
nance (Cap. 284)) whether a contract term or notice
satisfies the
irement of reasonableness, the court or arbitrator shall have
regard
articular (but without prejudice to subsection (2) to whether
(and, if
to what extent) the language in which the term or notice is
expressed
language understood by the person as against whom another
person
s to rely upon the term or notice.
Where by reference to a contract term or notice a person
seeks to
rict liability to a specified sum of money, and the question
arises
er this Ordinance or the Misrepresentation Ordinance (Cap.
284))
her the term or notice satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness,
court or arbitrator shall have regard in particular (but
without
udice to subsection (2) or (4)) to--
the resources which he could expect to be available to him for
the
ose of meeting the liability should it arise; and
how far it was open to him to cover himself by insurance.
It is for the person claiming that a contract term or notice
satisfies
requirement of reasonableness to prove that it does.
1977 c. 50 s. 11 U. K.]
Dealing as consumer"
A party to a contract "deals as consumer" in relation to another
party
he neither makes the contract in the course of a business nor
holds
elf out as doing so;
the other party does make the contract in the course of a
business;
in the case of a contract governed by the law of sale of goods
or by
ion 12, the goods passing under or in pursuance of the contract
are of
pe ordinarily supplied for private use or consumption.
Notwithstanding subsection (1), on a sale by auction or by
competitive
er the buyer is not in any circumstances to be regarded as dealing
as
umer.
It is for the person claiming that a party does not deal as
consumer
rove that he does not.
1977 c. 50 s. 12 U. K.]
arieties of exemption clause
To the extent that this Ordinance prevents the
exclusion or
riction of any liability it also prevents--
making the liability or its enforcement subject to
restrictive or
ous conditions;
excluding or restricting any right or remedy in respect
of the
ility, or subjecting a person to any prejudice in consequence of
his
uing any such right or remedy;
excluding or restricting rules of evidence or procedure, and (to
that
nt) sections 7, 10, 11 and 12 also prevent excluding or
restricting
ility by reference to terms and notices which exclude or
restrict
relevant obligation or duty.
An agreement in writing to submit present or future
differences to
tration is not to be treated under this Ordinance as
excluding or
ricting any liability. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 13 U. K.]
ower to amend Schedules 1 and 2
Legislative Council may by resolution amend Schedules 1 and 2.
PART II CONTROL OF EXEMPTION CLAUSES
dance of liability for negligence, breach of contract, etc.
egligence liability
A person cannot by reference to any contract term or to a notice
given
ersons generally or to particular persons exclude or
restrict his
ility for death or personal injury resulting from negligence.
In the case of other loss or damage, a person cannot so
exclude or
rict his liability for negligence except in so far as the
term or
ce satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Where a contract term or notice purports to exclude or
restrict
ility for negligence a person's agreement to or awareness of it
is not
tself to be taken as indicating his voluntary acceptance of any
risk.
1977 c. 50 s. 2 U. K.]
iability arising in contract
This section applies as between contracting parties where one of
them
s as consumer or on the other's written standard terms of
business.
As against that party, the other cannot by reference to any
contract
--
When himself in breach of contract, exclude or restrict any
liability
is in respect of the breach; or
claim to be entitled--
to render a contractual performance substantially different from
that
h was reasonably expected of him; or
in respect of the whole or any part of his contractual obligation,
to
er no performance at all,
pt in so far as (in any of the cases mentioned above
in this
ection) the contract term satisfies the requirement of
reasonableness.
1977 c. 50 s. 3 U. K.]
nreasonable indemnity clauses
A person dealing as consumer cannot by reference to any contract
term
ade to indemnify another person (whether a party to the
contract or
in respect of liability that may be incurred by the
other for
igence or breach of contract, except in so far as the contract
term
sfies the requirement of reasonableness.
This section applies whether the liability in question--
is directly that of the person to be indemnified or is incurred
by him
riously;
is to the person dealing as consumer or to someone else. [cf. 1977
c.
. 4 U. K.]
ility arising from sale or supply of goods
"Guarantee" of consumer goods
In the case of goods of a type ordinarily supplied for private
use or
umption, where loss or damage--
arises from the goods proving defective while in consumer use;
and
results from the negligence of a person concerned in the
manufacture
istribution of the goods, liability for the loss or damage
cannot be
uded or restricted by reference to any contract term or
notice
ained in or operating by reference to a guarantee of the goods.
For these purposes--
goods are to be regarded as "in consumer use" when a person is
using
, or has them in his possession for use, otherwise than
exclusively
the purposes of a business; and
anything in writing is a guarantee if it contains or
purports to
ain some promise or assurance (however worded or
presented) that
cts will be made good by complete or partial replacement,
or by
ir, monetary compensation or otherwise.
This section does not apply as between the parties to a contract
under
n pursuance of which possession or ownership of the goods passed.
1977 c. 50 s. 5 U. K.]
Seller's liability
Liability for breach of the obligations arising from section 14
of the
of Goods Ordinance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings
as to
e, etc.) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to any
contract
.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability for breach of
the
gations arising from section 15, 16 or 17 of the Sale of
Goods
nance (Cap. 26) (seller's implied undertakings as to
conformity of
s with description or sample, or as to their quality or fitness
for a
icular purpose) cannot be excluded or restricted by reference to
any
ract term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, the
liability
ified in subsection (2) can be excluded or restricted by reference
to
ntract term, but only in so far as the term satisfies the
requirement
easonableness.
The liabilities referred to in this section are not only the
business
ilities defined by section 2 (2), but include those arising under
any
ract of sale of goods. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 6 U. K.]
Miscellaneous contracts under which goods pass
Where the possession or ownership of goods passes
under or in
uance of a contract not governed by the law of sale of
goods,
ection (2) to (4) apply in relation to the effect (if any) that
the
t or arbitrator is to give to contract terms excluding or
restricting
ility for breach of obligation arising by implication of law from
the
re of the contract.
As against a person dealing as consumer, liability in respect of
the
's correspondence with description or sample, or their
quality or
ess for any particular purpose, cannot be excluded or
restricted by
rence to any such term.
As against a person dealing otherwise than as consumer, that
liability
be excluded or restricted by reference to such a term, but only
in so
as the term satisfies the requirement of reasonableness.
Liability in respect of--
the right to transfer ownership of the goods, or give possession;
or
the assurance of quiet possession to a person taking
goods in
uance of the contract, cannot be excluded or restricted by
reference
ny such term except in so far as the term satisfies the requirement
of
onableness. [cf. 1977 c. 50 s. 7 U. K.]
r provisions about contracts
Effect of breach on "reasonableness" test
Where for reliance upon it a contract term has to
satisfy the
irement of reasonableness, it may be found to do so and be
given
ct accordingly notwithstanding that the contract has been
terminated
er by breach or by a party electing to treat it as repudiated.
Where on a breach the contract is nevertheless affirmed by a
party
tled to treat as repudiated, this does not of itself
exclude the
irement of reasonableness in relation to any contract term.
1977 c. 50 s. 9 U. K.]
Evasion by means of secondary contract
rson is not bound by any contract term prejudicing or taking
away
ts of his which arise under, or in connection with the performance
of,
her contract, so far as those rights extend to the
enforcement of
her's liability which this Ordinance prevents that
other from
uding or restricting.
1977 c. 50 s. 10 U. K.]
Arbitration agreements
As against a person dealing as consumer, an agreement to submit
future
erences to arbitration cannot be enforced except--
with his written consent signified after the differences in
question
arisen; or
where he has himself had recourse to arbitration in pursuance of
the
ement in respect of any differences.
Subsection (1) does not affect--
the enforcement of an international arbitration agreement
within the
ing of section 2 (1) of the Arbitration Ordinance (Cap. 341);
laced 76 of 1990 s. 2)
the resolution of differences arising under any contract so far
as it
by virtue of Schedule 1, excluded from the operation of section
7, 8,
12.
PART III CIRCUMSTANCES WHERE CONTROL DOES NOT APPLY
International supply contracts
The limits imposed by this Ordinance on the extent to which a
person
exclude or restrict liability by reference to a contract term do
not
y to liability arising under an international supply contract.
The terms of an international supply contract are not subject to
any
irement of reasonableness under section 8 or 9.
For the purposes of this section, an international supply
contract
s a contract--
that is either a contract of sale of goods or a contract under
or in
uance of which the possession or ownership of goods passes;
that is made by parties whose places of business (or, if they
have
, habitual residences) are in the territories of different
States or
in and outside Hong Kong; and
in the case of which--
the goods in question are, at the time of the conclusion
of the
ract, in the course of carriage, or will be carried,
from the
itory of one State to the territory of another, or to or from
Hong
from or to a place outside Hong Kong; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance have been done in
the
itories of different States or in and outside Hong Kong; or
) the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to the
territory
State other than that within whose territory the acts
constituting
offer and acceptance were done; or
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done in Hong
Kong
the contract provides for the goods to be delivered outside Hong
Kong;
the acts constituting the offer and acceptance were done outside
Hong
and the contract provides for the goods to be delivered to Hong
Kong.
1977 c. 50 s. 26 U. K.]
Choice of law clauses
Where the proper law of a contract is the law of Hong Kong only
by
ce of the parties (and apart from that choice would be the law
of some
r country) sections 7 to 12 do not operate as part of the proper
law.
This Ordinance has effect notwithstanding any contract
term which
ies or purports to apply the law of some other country, where
(either
oth)--
the term appears to the court or arbitrator to have been
imposed
ly or mainly for the purpose of enabling the party imposing
it to
e the operation of this Ordinance; or
in the making of the contract one of the parties dealt as
consumer,
he was then habitually resident in Hong Kong, and the essential
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农业部关于印发《农业部关于“九五”期间控制海洋捕捞强度指标的实施意见》的通知
农业部
农业部关于印发《农业部关于“九五”期间控制海洋捕捞强度指标的实施意见》的通知
农业部
（一九九七年四月二十八日）
沿海各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各有关部委：
经国务院同意，现将《农业部关于“九五”期间控制海洋捕捞强度指标的实施意见》（以下称“实施意见”）印发给你们，请组织有关部门认真贯彻执行。
近年来，我国近海主要经济鱼类资源日趋衰退，而船网工具却不断增加，生产效益下降，渔事纠纷增多，特别是《联合国海洋法公约》生效以后，我周边国家陆续宣布实施200海里专属经济区制度，对我国渔业生产制约因素增多，今后将有一大批渔船要退出相邻国家的专属经济区，
这必将对我国海洋渔业生产造成重大影响。如果渔船继续增加，而作业渔场缩小，将会带来严重的社会问题，还可能引发新的涉外渔业纠纷。因此各级人民政府和渔业行政主管部门要充分认识控制海洋捕捞强度的重要意义和紧迫性。
渔业资源具有公有性、洄游性特点，决定了海洋渔业资源的保护和渔业生产秩序的维护，不仅需要各地政府和有关部门的支持和配合，也需要渔业部门间的密切合作，要从大局出发，正确处理眼前利益与长远利益、局部利益与全局利益的关系，采取果断措施，严格控制捕捞渔船的盲目
增长，以全面实施我国海洋渔业的可持续发展战略。请各级人民政府组织渔业、公安（边防）和工商管理等部门，协调行动，密切配合，妥善引导和安排海洋捕捞劳动力向养殖业和第三产业转移。要加大执法力度，认真清理无照“沙滩船厂”，坚决制止无证造船，采取切实有效的措施，将
渔船和功率总指标严格控制在“八五”期末的水平。各地要通过电视、报纸、广播等多种形式，多层次、多渠道做好宣传教育工作，提高广大渔业工作者和渔民群众实施控制海洋捕捞强度的自觉性，积极支持和配合做好捕捞强度控制措施的落实。
根据国务院有关精神，农业部将制定控制捕捞强度的具体办法，对现有海洋捕捞渔船重新换发捕捞许可证，并发布通告。新版渔业捕捞许可证由中华人民共和国渔政渔港监督管理局统一印制，自1997年7月1日起开始启用，原发捕捞许可证可继续使用到1998年3月31日止。
各地方渔业行政主管部门不得再自行审批建造渔船和发放捕捞许可证，以确保海洋捕捞强度控制指标的实现，促进海洋渔业持续、稳定、健康发展。
（一九九六年十一月）
为了控制近海捕捞机动渔船的盲目增长，保护和合理利用渔业资源，对海洋捕捞强度实行宏观控制，逐步实现捕捞强度与资源状况相适应，促进海洋渔业生产的持续、稳定、健康发展，1987年国务院办公厅转发原农牧渔业部关于渔业问题的两个文件（国办发〔1987〕19号）
，要求对近海捕捞机动渔船实行有效控制；1992年经国务院同意，农业部下发了《关于印发“八五”期间控制海洋捕捞强度增长指标的意见的通知》（农渔政字第4号）。沿海各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府为贯彻上述文件精神做了大量工作，对“八五”期间控制近海捕捞机动渔船的
盲目发展起到了一定的作用。
但是，由于控制海洋捕捞强度涉及问题多，难度大，单纯以控制功率指标，仅靠渔业部门难以起到有效的控制作用。到1995年底，全国海洋机动生产渔船已达265620艘、1273．65万马力，比“八五”期末的控制指标突破了250．65万马力，增加了24．5％；渔
船数比“八五”期末增加了25438艘，进一步加大了我国近海已经衰退的渔业资源压力。
鉴于目前我国近海海洋渔业资源状况仍在继续恶化，以及我国已经加入《联合国海洋法公约》和周边国家实施200海里专属经济区制度，对我国海洋渔业发展可能带来的制约和影响，必须进一步加强对海洋捕捞强度的宏观控制，坚决制止盲目增船增网，积极探索捕捞配额管理制度，
逐步建立起新的海洋捕捞生产管理机制，保护渔业资源，提高行业整体的经济效益，推进渔业经济增长方式的转变，实现经济、社会和生态效益的统一，促进海洋捕捞业的健康、稳定发展。为此，提出“九五”期间控制海洋捕捞强度工作的具体意见如下：
（一）“九五”期间对海洋捕捞强度实行渔船数量和功率双指标控制，所有海洋捕捞机动生产渔船一律纳入捕捞强度控制管理范围，贴附功率凭证。总的目标是2000年底以前全国海洋捕捞强度指标控制在“八五”末期的水平，即渔船265620艘、功率1273．65万马力（
各省、自治区和直辖市的具体控制指标附后）。
功率凭证由省级渔业行政主管部门按农业部核定的捕捞强度控制指标发放，渔政渔港监督管理机构负责监督、检查和执法。
（二）远洋渔业原则上不受控制指标的限制；符合行业发展政策的外海新资源、新渔场开发及农业部专项（特许）的作业，由农业部另行安排3％左右的增长幅度调剂，这两部分渔船不得进入近海作业，其控制指标由农业部掌握。
（三）凡新造、更新或引进、购进渔船需增加捕捞强度指标的，一律由省级渔业主管部门申报计划，经海区渔政渔港监督管理局审核后，报农业部审批同意，方可申领捕捞强度控制指标和办理相关证件；捕捞许可证严格按照主机额定总功率贴附功率凭证；各海区和省、自治区、直辖市
在农业部核定的捕捞强度控制指标数内，对原有渔船进行调整的，仍按原规定办理。
（四）对于“八五”期间超指标发展的渔船和马力，沿海各级政府要继续按照《国务院对清理、取缔“三无”船舶通告的批复》（国函〔1994〕111号）和农业部的有关规定予以清理和整顿，符合条件的，发给捕捞许可证，贴附功率凭证，纳入正常的管理轨道；不符合条件的，
按有关规定予以清理，不得再从事海洋捕捞生产。
（五）海洋捕捞强度控制指标、捕捞作业结构调整和许可证的发放三项工作要有机地结合起来。严格限制拖网和定置网作业，压缩帆式张网作业规模，鼓励发展围、流、钓作业，其调整规模由农业部根据各海区和省、自治区、直辖市的实际情况分级确定。
（六）各级渔政、渔监、渔船检验部门要在渔业行政主管部门统一领导下，与公安、交通部门密切配合，协调动作。凡未取得渔船检验证书、渔船登记证书、捕捞许可证等证书的，渔港监督部门不得放行出海作业，各级渔政部门要加强海上监督检查。
（七）地方各级人民政府要根据国家对控制海洋捕捞强度指标的要求，统一认识，加强领导，组织渔业、工商、公安等有关部门，加强对渔船建造企业的管理，在原有规定的基础上尽快建立和完善渔船建造许可管理、捕捞渔具制造和使用的审验以及渔业劳动力的许可管理制度，积极引
导捕捞劳动力向养殖业和第三产业转移。对模范执行控制指标的单位要给以表彰，对超控制指标的要追究责任。
（八）各省、自治区、直辖市政府渔业行政主管部门每年年底向农业部报告海洋捕捞强度控制指标的执行情况，抄送所在海区渔政渔港监督管理局，农业部根据执行情况，进行检查和通报。
“九五”期间海洋捕捞渔船控制指标
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地 区 ｜ 船数（艘） ｜ 功率（千瓦）
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全国总计 ｜ 265620 ｜ 9361302
黄渤海区合计 ｜ 84847 ｜ 1834956
辽宁 ｜ 30275 ｜ 568627
天津 ｜ 916 ｜ 39653
河北 ｜ 8847 ｜ 236197
山东 ｜ 44809 ｜ 990479
东海区合计 ｜ 108732 ｜ 4950947
江苏 ｜ 18973 ｜ 552661
上海 ｜ 663 ｜ 140907
浙江 ｜ 37802 ｜ 2807467
福建 ｜ 51294 ｜ 1449912
南海区合计 ｜ 72040 ｜ 2575399
广东 ｜ 49210 ｜ 1822820
广西 ｜ 10348 ｜ 377242
海南 ｜ 12482 ｜ 375337
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1997年4月28日
